Nuclear reactions are performed for artificial transmutation of elements there are two types of nuclear reactions, exoergic and endoergic. In exoergic reactions energy is released. In endoergic reactions energy has to supplied for the reaction proceed. In exoergic reactions nuclear energy is converted into kinetic energy. In endoergic reactions, energy input is required in the form of kinetic energy to be converted into nuclear binding energy. The minimum energy required for the reaction to take place is called threshold energy consider the reaction –

p + → +

Atomic masses are:

m( –atom) = 1.007825 amu (u)

m( –atom) = 3.016049 amu (u)

m( –atom) = 2.014102 amu (u)

(i) Protons are incident on at rest. The threshold energy for the reaction is –